High-temperature alloy refers to a type of metal material that is made of iron, cobalt, and nickel as matrix elements and fused with other metal or non-metal elements. It can work for a long time at ultra-high temperatures above 600°C and under certain stresses. It is the core application material in the fields of aerospace, gas turbines, automobiles, nuclear power, petrochemicals, etc.
1. Classification
1. By constituent elements:
Iron-based high-temperature alloy: a high-temperature alloy composed of iron, chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, and other elements, used under medium temperature (600-850℃) conditions. Iron-based alloys are generally used in parts of the engine with lower operating temperatures, such as turbine discs, casings, and shafts.
Nickel-based high-temperature alloy: a high-temperature alloy composed of nickel, chromium, molybdenum, and other elements, used under medium and high temperature (650-1000℃) conditions. Among all high-temperature alloys, nickel-based high-temperature alloys have the highest high-temperature strength and are widely used in the manufacture of turbojet aircraft engines and the hottest parts of various industrial gas turbines, such as turbine blades, guide blades, turbines, etc.
Cobalt-based high-temperature alloy: an austenitic high-temperature alloy composed of cobalt, chromium, tungsten, nickel, and other elements, used under high-temperature conditions, with a cobalt content of 40%-65%, good castability and weldability, and mainly used as guide blade materials. Due to the limited cobalt resources, this type of alloy is expensive.
2. Classification by manufacturing process: It can be mainly divided into three categories: deformed high-temperature alloys, cast high-temperature alloys, and powder metallurgy high-temperature alloys.
3. Classification by strengthening method: It mainly includes four categories: solid solution strengthening, precipitation strengthening, oxide dispersion strengthening, and fiber strengthening.
2. Application
High-temperature alloys are widely used in the core hot-end components of aviation, aerospace engines, ships, and industrial gas turbines.
1. Aviation field
High-temperature alloys have been used in aviation engines since their birth. In modern aviation engines, high-temperature alloy materials are mainly used for four major hot-end components: combustion chambers, guide chambers, turbine blades, and turbine disks. In addition, they are also used for casings, rings, afterburners, and tail nozzles.
2. Key components of gas turbines
Gas turbines are increasingly widely used in the fields of ships, electricity, petrochemicals, metallurgy, etc. Compared with aviation engines, gas turbines require high-temperature alloys to have strong thermal corrosion resistance and good organizational stability in addition to good creep strength, fatigue strength, and plasticity. Therefore, high-temperature alloys are the core raw materials for turbine blades and guide blades with excellent processing productivity mechanical performance, and stable organization, which directly determines whether the gas turbine can operate efficiently for a long time in a complex working environment.
3. Nuclear power field
High-temperature alloys for nuclear power include fuel element cladding materials, structural materials, and fuel rod positioning grids, high-temperature gas furnace heat exchangers, etc., which are difficult to replace with other materials.
4. Other fields
High-temperature alloys also play an irreplaceable role in civil fields such as electricity, petrochemicals, automobiles, metallurgy, and glass manufacturing.
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