Molybdenum Boat Crucible

Molybdenum boat crucible is essential consumables for high-end, high-temperature processes. They serve primarily as evaporation sources for vacuum coating-supporting aluminum and silver deposition for photovoltaics, optical lenses, and OLED screens-and are also utilized in high-purity metal smelting for semiconductors, sintering of cemented carbides and ceramics, single-crystal growth, and laboratory high-temperature heat treatment. Manufactured from molybdenum metal with a purity exceeding 99.95% through processes such as powder metallurgy, rolling, stamping, and electron-beam welding, these high-temperature-resistant, boat-shaped vessels come in various types-including stamped, folded, welded, and TZM alloy versions. They feature wall thicknesses ranging from 0.3 mm to 2 mm, with dimensions and perforation patterns customizable to specific requirements.

1. Classified by crucible type (specifically for evaporation coating)

Slotted Molybdenum Boat

Structure: Extremely narrow slot width; long electrode plates.

Application: Vacuum deposition of small electronic components; prevents molten material from splashing onto the fixture electrodes.

Dimple Molybdenum Boat

Structure: Single spherical deep-well design; requires minimal material.

Applications: Micro-scale evaporation of precious metals (gold, platinum); laboratory-scale sample coating.

Advantages: Material-efficient with no waste; enables precise control of coating thickness.

Molybdenum Boats with Folded Edges

Structure: V-shaped groove in the center, with widened conductive electrode pads at both ends.

Applications: Materials with poor wettability that tend to bead up (e.g., gold, copper, chromium, nickel).

Advantages: Stable evaporation; the standard choice for optical coating and metal plating on jewelry.

2. Classified by processing method (applicable to all scenarios)

Folded Molybdenum Boat

Formed by bending a rectangular molybdenum sheet using a mold; typically features "ears" or extended ends at both sides for clamping and electrical connection.

The center is recessed to form a trough for holding evaporation materials such as aluminum or gold pellets.

Features distinct edges and corners; the seams are formed by physical folding rather than welding.

Low cost, simple manufacturing process, and no welding required-ideal for mass production; offers good adaptability to thermal expansion and contraction.

Widely used in aluminum and gold coating, decorative film coating, metallization of packaging films, etc.

Stamped Boat

Features highly uniform wall thickness and a flat, smooth bottom; ensures even resistive heating, preventing material spatter caused by localized overheating.

One-piece forming eliminates stress concentration points found at fold lines, resulting in superior creep resistance.

Suitable for precision optical coating, semiconductor evaporation, capacitor sintering, and applications requiring extremely high film quality.

Riveted Boat

Formed by bending 3–8 mm thick molybdenum plates and joining them with rivets.

Sturdy structure with high load-bearing capacity; resistant to deformation.

Used for vacuum sintering of powder metallurgy materials, ceramics, and rare-earth powders.

Welded Boat

Formed by sealing thick molybdenum plates via argon arc welding; leak-proof design.

Can be manufactured with large-capacity, deep troughs; withstands high temperatures and heavy loads; suitable for holding molten powders.

Used in hydrogen sintering furnaces, as well as for the batch heat treatment of cemented carbides and nuclear materials.

3. Classification by material (determines high-temperature service life)

Pure Molybdenum

Suitable for long-term use at temperatures ≤1200°C; lowest cost. Ideal for intermittent low-temperature evaporation and short-term sintering; prone to softening and creep during prolonged high-temperature exposure.

TZM (Titanium-Zirconium-Molybdenum) Alloy Boat

Exceptional high-temperature strength and creep resistance; suitable for continuous operation at 1700–2000°C. Ideal for continuous production lines, high-temperature sintering furnaces, and long-duration coating processes; service life is 2–4 times that of pure molybdenum.

Molybdenum-Lanthanum (Mo-La) Alloy Boat

Superior toughness; better resistance to thermal cycling and high-temperature oxidation compared to pure molybdenum; less prone to cracking during repeated heating and cooling. Ideal for equipment requiring frequent start-stop cycles and operating conditions involving severe thermal shock.

Molybdenum-Rhenium (Mo-Re) Alloy Boat (High-End)

Retains ductility at low temperatures and offers the highest corrosion resistance; used for melting specialized reactive materials; high cost.

4. Selection Recommendations and Considerations

Select Material Based on Temperature:

Pure Molybdenum Boat (Mo1): Temperature resistance approx. 1100°C–1700°C; used for standard aluminum coating and rare-earth smelting.

Molybdenum-Lanthanum (MoLa) Alloy Boat / TZM Alloy Boat: Temperature resistance exceeds 1900°C; features high recrystallization temperature and superior resistance to sagging; used for high-temperature precision coating.

Select Structure Based on Process:

For cost-effectiveness and quick replacement → Choose Folded Boat

For superior coating quality and long service life → Choose Stamped Boat

Storage Note: Molybdenum boats should be stored in a vacuum or dry environment to prevent oxidation and moisture absorption, which can compromise electrical conductivity and service life.

1. Vacuum Coating Sector

Molybdenum boats serve primarily as carriers for resistance-heated evaporation sources, holding coating materials such as gold, silver, aluminum, and chromium, as well as certain compounds. They are widely used in production scenarios ranging from optical and decorative coatings to functional thin-film applications. Currently, they are essential consumables in mass-production lines for mobile phone screens, optical lenses, glass coatings, decorative hardware, and plastic coatings, playing an irreplaceable role in vacuum thermal evaporation processes.

2. Powder Sintering Sector

Molybdenum evaporation boats are specialized containers for vacuum sintering and heat treatment, facilitating the sintering, alloying, and densification of various powdered raw materials. They are primarily used in the large-scale sintering of powder metallurgy products-such as cemented carbide tools, precision hardware components, magnetic materials for new energy applications, and specialty ceramic parts-significantly enhancing product yield and dimensional precision.

3. Electronics and Semiconductor Industry

Molybdenum boats are suited for the precision manufacturing of semiconductor chips, wafers, and electronic components. They are primarily utilized in critical processes such as Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD), wafer annealing, component sintering, and degassing treatments.

4. Laboratory and Scientific Research

Molybdenum boats are primarily used for high-temperature experimental procedures involving small quantities of materials, such as evaporation, melting, sintering, annealing, and vacuum heat treatment. Capable of holding specialty metals, nanomaterials, powder samples, and chemical compounds, they enable experiments under extreme conditions. They can be custom-designed to suit small-scale laboratory equipment and diverse experimental requirements.

Hydrogen reduction of ammonium molybdate to molybdenum powder → Mixing (alloying additions) → Cold isostatic pressing → High-temperature hydrogen sintering → Hot rolling → Cold rolling → Intermediate annealing → Alkaline descaling → CNC sheet cutting → Four-side bending/forming → Vacuum electron beam welding → Weld grinding and flaw detection → Punching/Milling → High-temperature stress-relief annealing → Mirror polishing → Ultrasonic cleaning → Dimensional quality inspection → Vacuum moisture-proof packaging

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